Tuberculosis TB is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from person to person through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes. Once rare in developed countries, tuberculosis infections began increasing in , partly because of the emergence of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
HIV weakens a person's immune system, so it can't fight the TB germs. In the United States, because of stronger control programs, tuberculosis began to decrease again in But it remains a concern.
Many tuberculosis strains resist the drugs most used to treat the disease. People with active tuberculosis must take many types of medications for months to get rid of the infection and prevent antibiotic resistance. Although your body can harbor the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, your immune system usually can prevent you from becoming sick.
For this reason, doctors make a distinction between:. Tuberculosis can also affect other parts of your body, including the kidneys, spine or brain. When TB occurs outside your lungs, signs and symptoms vary according to the organs involved. For example, tuberculosis of the spine might cause back pain, and tuberculosis in your kidneys might cause blood in your urine. See your doctor if you have a fever, unexplained weight loss, drenching night sweats or a persistent cough.
These are often indications of TB but can also result from other conditions. Also, see your doctor if you think you've been exposed to TB. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that people who have an increased risk of tuberculosis be screened for latent TB infection.
This recommendation includes people who:. Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria that spread from person to person through microscopic droplets released into the air.
This can happen when someone with the untreated, active form of tuberculosis coughs, speaks, sneezes, spits, laughs or sings. Although tuberculosis is contagious, it's not easy to catch. You're much more likely to get tuberculosis from someone you live or work with than from a stranger. This can be air from:. The germs can stay in the air for several hours. But usually you have to be close to someone with TB for a long period of time to catch it.
The risk for getting pulmonary TB is highest for people who are in close contact with those who have TB. This includes being around family or friends with TB or working in places such as the following that often house people with TB:.
To diagnose pulmonary TB specifically, a doctor will ask a person to perform a strong cough and produce sputum up to three separate times. The doctor will send the samples to a laboratory. At the lab, a technician will examine the sputum under a microscope to identify TB bacteria. This means they take a portion of the sputum sample and put it in a special material that makes TB bacteria grow. If TB bacteria grow, this is a positive culture. Doctors can also order a polymerase chain reaction PCR assay to be performed.
This tests the sputum for the presence of certain genes from the germs that cause TB. You can still develop pulmonary TB disease in the future. You may only need one TB drug if you have latent TB.
If you have pulmonary TB, your doctor may prescribe several medicines. Your doctor might recommend an approach called directly observed therapy DOT to ensure that you complete your treatment. Here are some tips to help you remember to take your medicines:. The second-line treatments can be expensive and take as long as two years. Pulmonary TB is curable with treatment, but if left untreated or not fully treated, the disease often causes life-threatening concerns.
Untreated pulmonary TB disease can lead to long-term damage to these parts of the body:. Anyone exposed to tuberculosis should be tested, even if they show no symptoms. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has detailed guidelines and precautions for people who work or visit a healthcare setting.
But if you have pulmonary TB disease, you need to stay home and avoid close contact with others. Coughing up blood can be a symptom of a disease and should never be ignored. Tuberculosis is a highly contagious bacterial disease.
A positive tuberculosis TB skin test could look different from person to person. Does it hurt to breathe? Painful respiration is a symptom of an infection or other medical condition. The secondary outcomes include unfavourable responses clinical failures, deaths, relapses as whole, treatment emergent adverse drug reactions, pharmacokinetic levels of ATT and incidence of immune reconstitution syndrome.
Show detailed description. Hide detailed description. Detailed Description:. Treatment regimens and Dosing: Regimen 1. FDA Resources. Arms and Interventions.
Ethambutol mg for daily, mg for intermittent therapy, Pyrazinamide mg for both daily and intermittent, INH mg for daily and mg for intermittent therapy, Rifampicin mg for both daily and intermittent therapy for patients below 60 kg, mg for both daily and intermittent therapy for patients 60 kg and above.
Regimen 1. Regimen 2. Outcome Measures. Primary Outcome Measures : unfavourable responses during treatment [ Time Frame: At the end of 6 months ] including bacteriological and failures and ARR, clinical failures, TEADRS requiring premanent discontinuation of the drug , Deaths except unnatural and Defaults during treatment period.
Secondary Outcome Measures : Unfavorable responses during follow-up [ Time Frame: At the end of 6 months and at the end of follow-up of 1 year ] recurrences and deaths during follow up. Eligibility Criteria. Information from the National Library of Medicine Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision.
Inclusion Criteria: Age above 18 years. This includes sputum smear positive disease. Living within 40 km radius from the nearest sub centre of TRC and willing for attendance as prescribed.
Likely to remain in the same area for at least one and half years after start of treatment. Willing for house visits and surprise checks.
Willing to participate and give informed consent after going through the terms and conditions of the trial. Previous anti-tuberculosis treatment for more than 1 month. Prophylaxis non-rifampicin containing regimen will not be considered as prior antituberculosis treatment. Moribund, bedridden or unconscious patients. Co-morbid conditions like uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, cardiac failure, and malignancy at initial presentation.
Major psychiatric illness.
0コメント