History of Anti-vaccination Movements. Influenza Pandemics. The Development of the Immunization Schedule. The History of the Lyme Disease Vaccine. The Scientific Method in Vaccine History. Military and Vaccine History. Vaccination Exemptions. Vaccine Injury Compensation Programs. Vaccine Testing and Vulnerable Human Subjects. Vaccine Information [ ]. Government Regulation. Vaccine Development, Testing, and Regulation. Vaccine Side Effects and Adverse Events.
Vaccines for Adults. Vaccines for Teenagers. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases [ ]. Chickenpox Varicella. Haemophilus influenzae type b Hib. Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B. History of Polio Poliomyelitis. Human Papillomavirus Infection. Meningococcal Disease. Pertussis Whooping Cough. Pneumococcal Disease. Shingles Herpes Zoster. Typhoid Fever. Vaccines for Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Yellow Fever. Common Questions [ ].
Do Vaccines Cause Autism? Have I Been Vaccinated? Misconceptions about Vaccines. Top 20 Questions about Vaccination. Vaccination for Rare Diseases. Why Vaccinate? Related Articles Cultural Perspectives on Vaccination Cultural perspectives on vaccination stem from 1 individual rights and public health stances toward vaccination, 2 religious standpoints, and 3 suspicion and mistrust of vaccines among different U.
Different Types of Vaccines Vaccines are made using several different processes. Early Tissue and Cell Culture in Vaccine Development Tissue and cell culture have played an important role in vaccine development, and current research efforts expand on that technology.
How Cell Cultures Work Cell cultures involve growing cells in a culture vessel. Vaccines Developed Using Human Cell Strains The first licensed vaccine made with the use of a human cell strain was the adenovirus vaccine used by the military in the late s. However, in the case where the only vaccine available against a particular disease was developed using this approach, the NCBC notes: One is morally free to use the vaccine regardless of its historical association with abortion.
To address concerns about fetal cells remaining as actual ingredients of the vaccines, however, they specifically note that fetal cells were used only to begin the cell strains that were used in the preparation of the vaccine virus: Descendant cells are the medium in which these vaccines are prepared. Current Vaccines Developed Using Human Cell Strains Two main human cell strains have been used to develop currently available vaccines, in each case with the original fetal cells in question obtained in the s.
Sources and Additional Reading Alberts, B. Timeline Entry: U. Rubella Outbreak Infects Millions A massive rubella outbreak in the United States initially failed to draw serious attention. The emails cited say that the vaccine was tested, not produced, using a cell line that originated with a fetus in the s.
That information was already publicly available. Instead, it shows that the company used a fetal cell line when testing the efficacy of its vaccine.
Cell lines, which are key to medical research, are cloned copies of cells from the same source that have been adapted to grow continuously in labs.
Nevertheless, users spread the falsehood about the contents of the vaccine widely on social media with references to religious exemptions. Antigens are the parts of the vaccine that encourage your immune system to create antibodies to fight against future infections.
To make sure that the vaccines cannot cause the disease you are trying to protect against, the antigens are altered or weakened. Learn more about how vaccines are made and how they work.
Like many of the foods we eat and beverages we drink, vaccines also contain a small amount of additional ingredients, and each has a specific, necessary function.
These additional ingredients have been studied and are safe for humans in the amount used in vaccines. In fact, the amount of these additional ingredients in vaccines is much less than children encounter in their environment, food and water.
Sometimes a child may be sensitive to one of the components of a vaccine, and an allergic reaction may result. For this reason, you should discuss any allergies your child may have with your healthcare provider. Below are the ingredients that may be found in certain vaccines and their purpose.
When an individual vaccine dose is drawn from a multi-dose vaccine vial with a new needle, it is possible for bacteria or fungus to get into the vial, which could be very dangerous to the people getting the shots.
To prevent this contamination, a preservative is added to the vaccine vial. Since , the United States Code of Federal Regulations has required the addition of a preservative to multi-dose vials of vaccines; and worldwide, preservatives are routinely added to multi-dose vials of vaccine. Tragic consequences have followed the use of multi-dose vials that did not contain a preservative including deaths and are the driving force for this requirement.
Having safe, multi-dose vials of vaccines available for us to use is very important, especially when a large number of people need to be vaccinated quickly, which could be the case during a flu, coronavirus or other disease pandemic. Thimerosal is a preservative used in multi-dose vials of flu vaccines to prevent contamination with bacteria or fungus, which could be deadly.
Thimerosal is made from a type of mercury call ethyl mercury. This kind of mercury is broken down by the body and clears out of the blood quickly. Methylmercury is found naturally in the environment. It is also the kind of mercury that is found in fish like salmon and shellfish; and also in many everyday products, foods and drinks. Methyl mercury accumulates in the body and takes much longer to remove from the body. A buildup of methylmercury in the body is usually due to eating certain types of fish or other drinks or food, and high amounts can harm the nervous system.
Over a lifetime, everyone is exposed to some methylmercury. Even though there was no evidence that thimerosal in vaccines was dangerous, in , it was removed from vaccines in the U. To keep vaccines safe from contamination without the use of thimerosal or other preservatives, they were either reformulated or put into single-dose vials. Now, the only vaccines in the U. Thimerosal-free, single-dose vials of flu vaccine are also available in the U. There is no evidence that the small amounts of thimerosal in flu vaccines cause any harm, except for minor reactions like redness and swelling at the injection site.
MMR measles, mumps, and rubella , chickenpox varicella , inactivated polio IPV , and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines PCV never contained thimerosal as a preservative. No credible scientific studies have found an association between thimerosal in vaccines and autism.
The studies used different methods to find out if there was any connection between thimerosal and autism. Some examined rates of autism a state or a country, comparing autism rates before and after thimerosal was removed as a preservative from vaccines. It is important to note that in the U. To read the studies yourself, visit our Vaccine Research section. The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety , which provides independent, authoritative, scientific advice to the World Health Organization WHO on vaccine safety issues of global or regional concern, has also concluded that there is no evidence of toxicity in infants, children or adults exposed to thimerosal in vaccines.
No further sources of fetal cells are needed to make these vaccines. As scientists studied these viruses in the lab, they found that the best cells to use were the fetal cells mentioned above. When it was time to make a vaccine, they continued growing the viruses in the cells that worked best during these earlier studies.
Adenovirus-based vaccines that cannot replicate when administered to people need to be produced in cells that have the necessary gene to allow for large quantities of the virus to be made. The retinal cell line, called PER. C6, was adapted to enable production of these altered viruses.
Find out more in this Vaccine Update article. Even though fetal cells are used to grow vaccine viruses, vaccines do not contain these cells or pieces of DNA that are recognizable as human DNA. People can be reassured by the following:.
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